Bulletin for Biblical Research (BBR) 1991
Bulletin for Biblical Research 1 (1991) 21-25
Genealogies of Genesis
RICHARD S. HESS
This note will argue for the transitional role of Lamech in the literary
form of the genealogies of Cain (Gen 4:17-24) and of Seth (Genesis 5).
It will observe the position of Lamech in each genealogy, the glosses
associated with the name in the text, and the origins and interpreta-
tion of the name.
1. In the genealogy of Cain, Lamech appears sixth in the
sequence. Lamech occurs at the midpoint of an enumeration of twelve
different names. Although the names preceding Lamech occur in for-
mulaic style in a linear genealogy, those which follow Lamech appear
in a segmented genealogy concerning whose kinship Lamech serves as
the central figure. Lamech is husband of Adah and Zillah, and father
of Jabal, Jubal, Tubalcain, and Naamah. Lamech serves as the single
genealogical link between the earlier genealogy of v 17 and that of
Lamech's generation in vv 18-24. He alone is mentioned in both. The
literary structure of Lamech's song, especially the parallelism of sub-
jects in each of the couplets,1 further demonstrates the position of
Lamech as one who brings Cain's line to an end and who sees the
beginning of new lines in his own offspring.
First, there is the parallelism which serves as a basic element to
the form of the poem. The names of Adah and Zillah parallel the ref-
erence to them as wives of Lamech in the first couplet. The man corre-
sponds to the "boy" (dly) in the second couplet. Both designations
indicate the same individual.2 In the third couplet, Cain corresponds
1. U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Part I: From Adam to Noah.
Genesis 1—VI 8 (trans. I. Abrahams;
Early Hebrew Meter (HSM 13; Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1976) 97-99; and especially
S. Gevirtz, "Lamech's Song to His Wives," Patterns in the Early Poetry of
Ancient Oriental Civilization 32;
2. U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis 242; S. Gevirtz, "Lamech's Song
to His Wives," 30-34; G. J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15 (WBC 1; Waco, Texas: Word, 1987) 114.
22 Bulletin for Biblical Research 1
to Lamech. Even if there is a disintegrating parallelism, as Gevirtz
suggests, it seems clear that the poem serves to tie together Cain and
Lamech, not only by the deed of vengeful murder which each com-
mits, but also by the parallel structure of the lines themselves. From
the perspective of the poetic parallelism, Lamech is a new Cain. He
brings Cain's line to an end and begins his own.
Second, Lamech alone mentions the founder of the line, Cain, and
begets a child whose name includes the name of Cain. The references
to Cain in the names of the offspring and in the poem form a literary
inclusio, mentioning at the end of the genealogical account the same
name which began it. Further, Lamech's character culminates the
murderous trait characteristic of this line, originally exhibited by Cain
in the narrative which precedes the genealogy. Again, the line of Cain
has come to an end with Lamech and his generation. The numbers 7
and 77 conclude Lamech's song. They suggest Lamech's own status as
seventh in the line from Adam. The number 7 may convey the idea of
completion.3 With the segmentation of the genealogy, the line no
longer remains distinctive to Cain. Henceforth, the identity of each of
the figures is established by their deeds. Two become "fathers" who
establish their fame through their cultural achievements and contri-
butions rather than through their ancestral connection to Cain. The
association of the number 7 with Lamech implies that the line of Cain
comes to an end with this figure. The other name-bearers of his gen-
eration begin their own "families," though of a cultural rather than a
genealogical sort.
2. In Genesis 5 the line of Seth ends with Lamech and Noah.
Again Lamech is unique in this line as the one figure who speaks
(v 29). His naming of Noah and his prophecy suggest a literary con-
nection with the chapters which follow. This is true however the
prophesied "comfort" is understood. Lamech completes the line of
Seth as the last named figure in that line whose name does not appear
in the following narrative or in the subsequent genealogies of Genesis
10 and 11. On the other hand, Noah and his sons inhabit the narra-
tives of chaps. 6-9 and begin the new genealogies which follow. Noah
bridges the genealogies of Genesis 5 and those of chaps. 10 and 11.
However, Lamech is the transitional figure between those who appear
in the formulaic sequence in Genesis 5 and those who inhabit the nar-
ratives of the following chapters. This is true for two reasons.
First, Lamech's position in Genesis 5 is seventh in the line from
the "new Adam," Enosh, whose name suggests a new beginning to
cal 'Convention' in Biblical Chronography?" ZAW 90 (1978) 171-85, esp. p. 173.
HESS: Lamech in the Genealogies of Genesis 23
in Genesis 4, the number 7 signifies completion. The line of Seth ends
with Lamech.
Second, Lamech's naming of Noah also includes an implicit word-
play on the meaning of Noah as a means of explaining his name. This
occurs with two other name givers, Adam (who names Eve) and Eve
(who names Cain and Seth). In all these cases, the name-giver desig-
nates the first of a new line (the case of the naming of Eve involves the
first named figure of the line of the entire human race). As with the
number of years and position in the line, Lamech's act of name-giving
implies the end of one line and the beginning of a new one. Thus the
Lamech of Seth's line also plays a transitional literary role, bringing
Seth's genealogy to an end and introducing the new figures and their
line.
3. The triradical nature of the name, Kml, suggests a Semitic ety-
mology. However, no such root is known in West Semitic. The Arabic,
ylmk, "strong man," has found support in the etymological search.5
Outside the Semitic language family, the Sumerian lumga serves as
the title of the deity Ea as patron of music.6 This has had special inter-
est because of Jubal, son of Lamech and "father of those who play the
lyre and pipe." We also find compared the obscure Akkadian, lamakku,
the title of a priest of lower rank which appears in lexical texts.7
A problem with these suggestions is the lack of attestations of
other names with such roots. Earlier attempts located Kml in third mil-
lennium B.C. personal names,8 or in names from Mari of the early sec-
ond millennium.9 However, the first element in these names should
Adam. See B. Jacob, Das Erste Bitch der Tora. Genesis Übersetzt and Erklärt (
Schocken, 1934; reprinted,
the Book of Genesis, 243.
5. HALAT, 3rd ed., vol. II, 505.
6. S. Landersdorfer, Sumerisches Sprachgut int Alters Testament. Eine Biblisch-
Lexikalische Studie (Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten Testament 21;
Hinrichs, 1916) 19; J. Gabriel, "Die Kainitegenealogie Gn 4, 17-24," Bib 40 (1959) 420-27,
esp. p. 415; C. Westermann, Genesis 1-11 (trans. J. J. Scullion, S.J.;
burg, 1984) 329.
7. U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis 233; CAD, vol. 9, 244-45; the
Sumerian equivalent is gudu4.tur.ra.
8. See lam-kí-um and lam-gi4-ma-ri; in the Man-ištušu obelisk with index in Mé-
moires de In Délégation en Perse, 2, 41-52; RA 31:140; in I. J. Gelb, Glossary of Old Akkadian
(Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary 3; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957)
162. Cf. also S. Gevirtz, "Lamech's Song to His Wives," 26.
9. See the šakkanakku texts, which include two occurrences of the personal name,
lam-ki. H. Limet, Textes administratifs de l'époque des šakkanakku (ARM XIX; Paris:
P. Geuthner, 1976) 311.5; 332.4.
24 Bulletin for Biblical Research 1
now be read differently.10 As neither the etymology of Lamech nor
possible parallels have received certain identification, all such com-
parisons remain tentative. Further, evidence remains lacking for the
lmk root in Amorite and in West Semitic.
While the origin of the name Lamech remains uncertain in
Ancient Near Eastern onomastics, the transitional role played by the
name in both genealogies may suggest a direction for investigation.
Lamech encompasses the three middle consonants of the Hebrew
alphabet. Could it be that, as these letters join the first half of the
Hebrew alphabet with the second half, so Lamech joins two halves of
the genealogies in the line of Cain just as he also joins the lines of Seth
and those genealogies which follow in Genesis 10 and 11?
The discovery and study of abecedaries found throughout the
West Semitic world of the second and first millennia B.C. provides an
interesting perspective on this hypothesis. For example, M. D. Coogan
finds, in abecedaries of Hebrew and Ugaritic, as well as those of
Greek and Latin, the tendency to divide the alphabets into two halves
for pedagogical purposes.11 This division is obvious as each half of the
alphabet is placed on a separate line. Coogan cites three abecedaries of
interest. Two are Hebrew abecedaries and one is Ugaritic. All three
begin the second half of their alphabet on a second line with l
(restored in the case of the Ugaritic text) followed by m. In the one
Hebrew example recording all the letters of the alphabet, the first half
of the alphabet ends with k.12 This evidence demonstrates a con-
sciousness of the central place of these letters in West Semitic alpha-
bets of the biblical world. A reader who had learned the alphabet
using similar abecedaries would naturally associate the name Lamech
with a transitional movement from the first to the second half of the
text, similar to the change in the alphabet at these letters.13
A. Archi, "Studies in Eblaite Prosopography," Eblaite Personal Names and Semitic Name-
Giving. Papers of a Symposium held in
Personennamen der Ebla-Texte. Eine Zwischenbilanz (Berliner Beitrage zum Vorderen Ori-
ent Band 7;
Names from
ing for the personal names at
from Abu Salabikh and the Personal Names from
tic Name-Giving, 96.
11. "Alphabets and Elements," BASOR 216 (1974) 61-63. I thank A. R. Millard for
this reference.
12. The other ends in + with no k anywhere in the inscription. As Coogan observes,
it is probably a mistaken omission in a student's exercise.
13. Y. T. Radday has suggested that Lamech is a palindrome for Hebrew Kleme
"king." Thus Lamech is "king in reverse" or non-king. See Y. T. Radday, "Humor in
Names," On Humour and the Comic in the Hebrew Bible (eds. Y. T. Radday and A. Brenner;
HESS: Lamech in the Genealogies of Genesis 25
Perhaps the background of Lamech is to be found in a proper
name which once existed as a personal name in the Ancient Near East
but whose origins have yet to be identified or attested outside of
Genesis. As part of the lines of Cain and Seth, Lamech would have
served the purpose of the author in the position which it occupied in
both genealogies. It would exist both as a name received in the tradi-
tion behind Genesis 4 and 5, and as one which functions at a transition
point in the genealogies.
Although not in the same position in the two genealogies, the
name Lamech serves a transitional role in both.14 Although possessing
a different character in the two lines, the figure of Lamech plays a
similar role in the words he speaks, bringing to an end one line and
introducing the subsequent line. This similarity in function helps to
explain the function of an identically spelled name in both genealo-
gies, something found elsewhere in Genesis 1-11 only in the case of
Enoch.
drome, unlike Radday's other examples. The palindrome of Kml is Mlk, not Klm. Further,
while a mocking name for the Lamech of Genesis 4 may be appropriate, it is not appro-
priate for the Lamech of Seth's line. It seems preferable to see in "Lamech" a sequence of
consonants deliberately chosen to avoid association with any Hebrew root.
14. The issue of similarity in other names which occur in both genealogies has been
addressed elsewhere with reference to the oral aspect of genealogies and the source crit-
ical implications. See especially the variant views of J. M. Miller, "The Descendants of
Cain: Notes on Genesis 4," ZAW 86 (1974) 171-73; R. R. Wilson, Genealogy and History in
the Biblical World (Yale Near Eastern Researches 7;
versity Press, 1977) 28-55; and D. T. Bryan, "A Reevaluation of Gen 4 and 5 in Light of
Recent Studies in Genealogical Fluidity," ZAW 99 (1987) 180-88. The function of La-
mech as a transitional figure leaves open both options, either (1) two distinct names in
separate genealogies whose similarity to the spelling of Lamech provides for their iden-
tical spelling in Genesis, or (2) a single name Lamech whose appearance in two separate
genealogies leads to the occurrence of the name in two separate but related contexts in
Genesis. Ancient Near Eastern examples exist for both developments. See R. S. Hess,
"The Genealogies of Genesis 1-11 and Comparative Literature," Bib 70 (1989) 246-47.