Bulletin for Biblical Research (BBR) 1997
Bulletin
for Biblical Research 7 (1997) 1-10 [© 1997 Institute for Biblical Research]
Psalm 73: Pilgrimage from
Doubt to Faith
LESLIE C. ALLEN
FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
A
fresh translation of Psalm 73 with textual notes is provided. In form the
psalm
has elements of a thanksgiving song composed from a wisdom per-
spective.
It celebrates the end of physical suffering and accompanying re-
ligious
doubt. The poem is dominated by wordplays which describe first
the
psalmist's earlier view of himself as a loser over against the wicked and
then
his conviction that eventually they would fail, as surely as the wicked
generation
in the wilderness. God's moral providence would prevail.
Key
Words: thanksgiving song, wisdom thinking, stylistic structuring,
wordplay,
intertextuality, theological contemporaization, divine providence
This
article fulfills the intention of a paper presented on Psalm 73 as
the
1981 Tyndale Old Testament Lecture, delivered at Tyndale House
in
Cambridge, England.1 The original intent was to give a comprehen-
sive
analysis that moved from genre and structure to an exegetical
overview
of the psalm. Unfortunately the first two topics turned out
to
be so complex that it proved impossible to reach the satisfying
conclusion
of the third. Here at long last is the missing exegetical
portion,
written a decade and a half later.
TRANSLATION
1
In spite of everything, God is good to Israel,
to the pure in heart and mind.
2
For my part, I came near to losing my footing,
my legs almost collapsed beneath me.
3
The reason was, I envied the braggarts,
seeing the shalom they enjoy, wicked though they are.
4
No worries do they have,
their bodies are sound and far from scrawny.
1.
L. C. Allen, "Psalm 73: An Analysis," TynBul 33 (1982) 95-118.
2 Bulletin for Biblical Research 7
5
They lack the troubles of other mortals
and are free of human misfortunes.
6
So they can vaunt arrogance like a lei
and deck themselves with violence.
7
The wrongdoing they commit springs from within,2
their minds and hearts are full of evil fantasies.
8
They mock and talk maliciously,
from their position of power they talk menacingly.
9
They speak as if the sky was theirs,
as if the earth was under their control.
10
So they have their fill of bread3
and plenty of water to drink!
11
Yet they declare, "How does God know?"
Does the Most High have any knowledge?"
12
Here then are the wicked,
constantly content and possessing wealth galore.
13
On the other hand, it got me nowhere to keep my heart and
mind clean
or to wash my hands, doing no harm.
14
I was suffering daily misfortune;
my affliction never missed a morning.
15
I could not declare and tell my problem,
else I would have let your family down.
16
Trying to think it through,
I found it troubled me--
17
until I entered God's sanctuary,
where I realized their eventual fate.
18
In spite of everything, you have set them on a slippery path,
making them fall and be ruined.
19
On what a course of sudden destruction they are set,
destined to suffer a terrifying doom!
20
After you wake, like a dream
you will despise them, when you arouse yourself, like figments.
21
Because my heart and mind was embittered,
my conscience has been pricked.
2.
The MT "their eyes come out from fat" is strange and provides a poor
parallel
to
v. 7b. The Greek and Syriac versions presuppose wOmnfwO(J "their iniquity" wOmn'y(' "their
eyes."
Then blex' "fat" is to
be taken as the fat of the stomach, a seat of thinking or feel-
ings
as in 17:10. Cf. the NIV "from their callous hearts comes iniquity."
3.
In "Psalm 73" (117-18) I argued for a reading Mxel@fmi w@(b@;#oyi in place of the odd
MT MloxJ wOm@(a bw@/y#$iyf "his people
returns here," and in v. 10b a repointing of w@cmf@yi (from
hcm) "are drained,
drunk" as an active verb, w@c@moyf (from Ccm) "they
drink." Verse 10
sarcastically
comments that the wicked enjoy blessings reserved by rights for the
pious:
cf. Isa 33:16.
ALLEN: Psalm
73: Pilgrimage from Doubt to Faith 3
22
For my part, I was stupid and not thinking,
like a brute beast in relation to you.
23
In fact, I am with you continually,
you take hold of my right hand.
24
You guide me with your advice
and will eventually bring me to a position of honor.
25
Whom else do I have in heaven?
Apart from you, I want nothing on earth.
26
My body failed,4 along with my heart and mind,
but God is the rock of my mind and heart,
and the constant ground of my support.
27
Here is the truth: those far from you will lose their lives.
You do away with anyone who strays wantonly from you.
28
I, for my part, find it good to come near to God,
taking shelter in the Lord Yahweh,
in order to tell of all the works you have done.
FORM
Particular
psalms fall into a variety of form-critical categories. While
there
has been dispute over the category of Psalm 73, the most fa-
vored
one is that of a song of thanksgiving.5 The thanksgiving song
celebrated
the resolution of a personal crisis that had at an earlier
stage
been voiced in an individual lament. The song was typically re-
cited
at a service of thanksgiving and accompanied by a thank offer-
ing,
whose meat would be eaten later at a thanksgiving meal. The
song
of thanksgiving tends to have six elements. They are: a resolve to
give
thanks, an introductory summary of the resolution of the crisis,
a
description of that crisis, a report that God had heard the prayer
of
lament and in response acted affirmatively, generalized teaching,
and
renewed thanksgiving. These elements may be seen clearly in
Psalm
30.6
Here
v. 1 reflects two elements, the resolve to give thanks and
generalized
teaching, learned in the school of recent experience and
passed
on to the congregation.7 The combination of elements causes
4.
The perfect verb hlfkf@ is to be taken as a
past tense with M. E. Tate, Psalms 51-
100 (Dallas:
Word, 1990) 228, 230.
5.
For documentation and detailed argumentation see my "Psalm 73,"
107-18. In
general,
bibliographical references given there will not be repeated in this essay.
6.
There the first two elements appear in vv. 1-3 [Heb. 2-4], the third in vv. 6-7
[7-8],
the fourth in vv. 8-11 [9-12], the fifth in vv. 4-5 [5-6], and the sixth in v.
12 [13].
7.
In "Psalm 73" (112, 114), I followed L. G. Perdue (Wisdom and Cult [Missoula:
Scholars
Press, 1977] 287-89), in analyzing v. 1 as a proverb. However, it can be ade-
quately
explained as a thanksgiving element.
4 Bulletin for Biblical Research 7
it
to lack the personal note common in the thanksgiving song.8 It
presupposes
and echoes the brief hymn sung at the thanksgiving
service:
Give
thanks to Yahweh of hosts,
for
Yahweh is good . . . (Jer 33:11)
The
second element, summarizing the resolution of the crisis, appears
in
v. 2, as the emphatic position of the two Hebrew terms for "almost"
suggest.9 The sentiment appears in a fuller form in 94:17, where one
of
the Hebrew terms recurs:
If
Yahweh had not been my help,
my
soul would quickly have dwelt in the silent land.
The
third and fourth elements, describing at length the crisis and its
resolution,
seem to be reflected in vv. 3-26, while the final element
of
renewed thanksgiving is found in v. 28.
There
is more going on in Psalm 73 than the simple designation
"thanksgiving
song" suggests. The standard song celebrated release
from
a physical crisis, sickness and/or persecution by particular en-
emies.
While physical trouble is mentioned in v. 14, it is part of a
much
larger problem, a problem of the mind and heart (v. 26).10 The
crisis
is the spiritual and intellectual problem of v. 3, which the
psalmist's
own suffering compounded. The psalm is thereby stamped
as
belonging to the wisdom tradition of Israel. Its use of wisdom vo-
cabulary
supports this attribution, while its contrast between the
wicked
and the righteous constitutes a standard motif of wisdom
compositions.
Was Psalm 73 primarily composed for use in the wis-
dom
school or for recitation in the temple court? Reference to a con-
gregation
is characteristic of the cultic song: its absence might
suggest
the former alternative.11 However, the explicit reference to
an
earlier visit to the sanctuary in v. 17 and the implicit reference to
temple
attendance in v. 28 points to the latter option.
FINAL STRUCTURE
The
best stylistic analysis of Psalm 73 has been given by K.-J. Illman.12
It
falls into six sections, vv. 1-2, 3-12, 13-17, 18-20, 21-26, and 27–
8.
While the psalm lacks any direct appeal to the congregation, it does exhibit
the
thanksgiving song's characteristic mixture of testimony and prayer, indicated
by
third
and second person references to God.
9.
"It did not not happen! Yahweh did not let him fall!" (H.-J. Kraus, Psalms
60-
150 [trans. H. C. Oswald; Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1989] 87).
10.
The Hebrew term bbfl' "heart, mind"
occurs in the psalm no less than six
times.
11.
But see n. 8 above.
12.
"Till tolkningen av Psalm 73," SEÅ 41-42 (1976-77) 120-29,
esp. 123-24.
ALLEN: Psalm
73: Pilgrimage from Doubt to Faith 5
28.
The first, third and fourth sections are introduced by an adversa-
tive
particle K7)a, and the others by yk@i, a causal or
asseverative particle.
In
three cases the particle is followed at the beginning of the next line
by yni)jwa "and/but I"
(Verses 2, 22 [also in v. 23], 28), and once by the
similar yhi)vwF "and I was"
(v. 14).
This
structuring is supported by the proportionate length of sec-
tions,
Illman noted. Verses 3-12 devote ten lines to the wicked, while
vv.
13-17 give five lines to the righteous psalmist. This proportion is
reversed
in the next two units: vv. 18-20 describe the fate of the
wicked
in three lines while vv. 21-26 discuss the psalmist's good for-
tune
in six lines. Verses 1-2 and 27-28 are the introductory and clos-
ing
two-line borders of the psalm. The intervening material falls into
two
parts, dealing with the apparent conditions of the wicked and the
psalmist
(vv. 3-12, 13-17), and vv. 18-26 presenting the "true" state
of
affairs for both parties (vv. 18-20, 21-26).
Illman's
structural analysis has laid bare the psalmist's arrange-
ment
of the composition in its final form. It represents the wrapping
paper
and ribbon, as it were, in which the completed psalm has been
presented
for recitation. However, the structure Illman uncovered
only
determines the size and general significance of the sections of
the
final composition. There is a host of cases of repetition and near-
repetition
which his analysis leaves unexplained. They point to a dy-
namic
composition, over against Illman's final static one. This dynamic
composition
relates to the creative and piecemeal growth of the poem,
as
it was written stage by stage. As we shall see, it takes us into the
heart
of the poem and reveals the writer's working through aspects
of
his problem.
DEVELOPMENT AND MEANING
Verses
1-20, two-thirds of the entire psalm, comprises the first block
of
material. It falls into two parts, vv. 1-12 and 13-20. This material
is
characterized as a single entity by the pointed repetition of key
terms
and motifs from its first part in the second. The psalmist's
eventual
claims of God's favor to the pure in heart, presented at the
beginning
(v. 1), was seemingly disproved by the providential blows
that
attended his own endeavors to cleanse his heart (v. 13). Three
contrasts
between the radically different experiences of the wicked
and
of the psalmist exacerbated his problem. First, they seem im-
mune
from human misfortune, yet he experiences it every day (w@(g@fnuy;,
v.
5; (aw@gnf, v. 14). Second, they
lack the troubles of other mortals, while
he
has the severe problem of spiritual and intellectual perplexity (lma(j,
v.
5; lmf(f, v. 16). Third, they
make insolent declarations about God, but
he
is constrained against declaring his problem out of respect for
God's
people (w@rm;)fw;, v. 11; yt@ir;ma)f, v. 15).
6 Bulletin for Biblical Research 7
Yet
his near tumble from a firm faith (v. 2) is later matched by a
consoling
conviction that the wicked would slip and fall fatally at
God's
hands (v. 18). Two cases of wordplay reinforce the reversal they
would
incur. The prosperity of the wicked (MwOl#$;, v. 3) would be turned
to
ruin (hm@f#$al;, 19).13 Their physical soundness (Mt@f,
v. 1414) would give
way
to their destruction (w@m@ta, v. 19).
There
is then a sense of completeness, as one reaches v. 20, both
stylistic
and thematic. The intellectual problem of the prosperity of
the
wicked (v. 3) has been resolved by receipt of a revelation of their
future
downfall (vv. 17-20). The personal distress of vv. 13-14 has evidently
given
way to a renewed experience of divine favor and blessing, v. 1 implies.
Verse
17, which relates a visit to the sanctuary, is clearly the
turning
point of vv. 1-20 and indeed of the whole psalm. In terms of
Israel's religious culture it
represents a visit to the temple at festival
time.
Personal crisis was no barrier to the pilgrim, for there was wise
provision
in the temple routine for individuals to bring their laments
or
emergency prayers, somewhat like Hannah at the Shiloh sanctu-
ary
in 1 Sam 1:10-11. It was customary for the sufferer to receive
from
the temple personnel a response in God's name, and doubtless
at
least such a response is presupposed as the basis for the ensuing
note
of confidence.15
However,
the conviction of the doom of the wicked in vv. 18-20
is
expressed with such a rich variety of language that it could well
be
an echo of a narrative tradition used in temple worship, whether
recounted
in prose or poetry. The historical hymn of Psalm 78 has
two
possible parallels. First, in 78:33 Yahweh wiped out the genera-
tion
of the exodus in the wilderness, consuming their years "in ter-
ror"
(hlfhab@eba@). Here in v. 19 the
wicked were to perish "from terrors"
(twOhl@fb@a-Nmi, a metathesized form).
Second, Yahweh's sudden interven-
tion
in Israel's history, causing the military successes of David against
the
Philistines is expressed by the metaphor of awaking from sleep
in
78:65: "and the Lord awoke like a sleeper" (ynfdo)j N#$eyfk@; Cqay@iwa. In 73:20
future
divine activity directed against the wicked is described simi-
larly:
"like a dream after the Lord awakes" (ynFdo)j Cyqihfm' MwOlxjka@).
In
Psalm 106, a communal lament that delves into Israel's history,
the
fate of the exodus generation is described in terms of an oath that
13.
J. C. Cann, Jr. (Psalm 73: An Interpretation Emphasizing Rhetorical and
Canonical
Criticism [Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1985] 76 n. 62) misrepresented this wordplay,
cited
from my "Psalm 73" (101-2), as MwOl#;$, and hm@f#$a, and then dismissed it
as sharing
only
two consonants and so "hardly adequate to qualify as a case of
repetition."
14.
The MT MtfwOml; "to their
death" is generally regarded by scholars as a false
running
together of two words in different clauses, Mtf wOmlf, "to them, sound." The sty-
listic
factor of wordplay supports this division.
15.
Cf. the implication of such responses in 6:8-10 [9-11]; 28:6-7.
ALLEN: Psalm
73: Pilgrimage from Doubt to Faith 7
Yahweh
would "make" them "fall" (lyp@ihal;, 106:26) in the wilderness.
Correspondingly,
here in v. 18 he was to "make them fall" (Mt@fl;p@ahi) in
ruin.
The basic prose parallel for the death of the exodus generation
that
features in Psalms 78 and 106 is the divine curse of judgment in
Num
14:28-35. There the use of the verb Mt@o and w@m@t@ayi "they (will)
come
to an end" in Num 14:33, 35 is matched by w@m@ta "they will come
to
an end" in Ps 73:19. Another possible point of correspondence in
this
verse with the historical traditions of Numbers is the use of (garfk;@
"suddenly,"
which in Num 16:21, 45 [Heb. 17:10] is used in Yahweh's
promise
to destroy Korah and his fellow rebels in the wilderness.
This
exploration of possible intertextuality points in two direc-
tions,
to the deliberate echoing of either such a poetic survey of
history
as Psalm 78 or a prose narrative of the wilderness period, in
particular
Numbers 14 and 16 or, of course, to a poetic composition
akin
to it. There do appear to be impressive links with the destruction
of
the exodus generation, preventing their entry into the promised
land.
Harold
Kushner has written of the distinctive faith of Jews and
Christians
as follows:
I
once heard Bishop James Pike define a Christian as a person who took
the
story of the crucifixion and resurrection personally. He then went
on
to define a Jew as a person who took the story of the exodus from
Egypt personally.16
The
obvious basis of this definition where Judaism is concerned lies
in
the Passover celebration in which the spiritual perspective of the
participant
is to be "as if one had come out of Egypt."17 Something
comparable
seems to underlie the evident use of historical traditions
in
Psalm 73. There is a "personal" application of Yahweh's ancient
threat
and execution of judgment to the contemporary situation of
moral
and religious chaos.
The
development of the psalm finds a natural pause after v. 20.
Thematically,
the basic problem of the prosperity of the wicked (v. 2)
has
been resolved by a fresh assurance of divine providence. Stylis-
tically,
a scheme of repetition and wordplay has been used to achieve
balanced
symmetry. However, there are two loose ends to which the
text
turns in vv. 21-28. First, the psalmist's envy at the wicked (v. 2)
and
evident resentment over his own suffering (vv. 13-14) had es-
tranged
him from God. Second, that very suffering constituted an
unresolved
part of the overall problem of divine providence. These
two
elements needed to be tackled in order to justify the initial, yet
16. To Life! (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993) 124.
17.
Cf. the theological contemporization in Amos 2:10, "I brought you up from
Egypt and led you forty years
in the wilderness," and similarly in Mic 6:4.
8 Bulletin for Biblical Research 7
chronologically
final, statement of thanksgiving for life-giving bless-
ing
in v. 1: "God is good."
The
two concerns are expressed by means of a further series of
wordplays
and repeated terms. The psalmist uses them to distance
himself
both from the wicked and from his earlier attitude of alien-
ation
from God. In v. 22 his confessions of his former lack of knowl-
edge
("unthinking," (df)' )low;) harks back to his
period of unavailing
quest
for such knowledge, in v. 16 ("think through," t(adalf). Then he
had
been tempted to take seriously the defiant claim of the wicked
that
God had no moral knowledge of or concern for the world, in v. 11
("know,"
"knowledge," (dayf, h(fd@'). Now he is able to
affirm God's prov-
idential
involvement in the world, not only in eventually turning the
tables
on the wicked but also in intervening in the life of one such as
himself
who is committed to God.
This
involvement in the psalmist's life is expressed in terms of
guidance
on the journey of life. The sentiments of vv. 23-24 are best
exegeted
by reference to Ps 91:15: "I will be with him . . . and I will
honor
(or glorify, w@hd'b@;ka)jwa) him." Whereas the
latter text has to do
with
rescue from crisis, here positive blessing appears to be in view,
including
the warding off of any future crisis. In v. 24 the term rxa)a,
rendered
"eventually," deliberately correlates with the tyrixj)a or "even-
tual
fate" of the wicked in v. 17. Both are to be located within the
providential
course of human history. So too is the "honor" or glory
the
psalmist expects: "The person who has a lowly spirit will obtain
honor"
(dwObk@f, Prov 29:23). The tide
has already turned for him. De-
moralization
and sickness were things of the past (v. 26, cf. v. 1), but
he
looked for further, ongoing blessing.18
Three
further reversals follow in vv. 25-26. The boastful claim to
universal
power ("sky . . . earth") made by the wicked in v. 9 calls
forth
by contrast devotional praise of Yahweh's incomparable role in
heaven
and earth in v. 25. The characterzation of the wicked as "con-
stantly
(MlfwO() content" in v. 12
gives way to the psalmist's sense of
"constant"
(MlfwO(l;) dependence on God in
v. 26. The description of
God
as yqil;xe "my portion"
in v. 26 provides a wordplay with the
qlfxjba@ "slippery
path" that was to be the lot of the wicked in v. 18. The
formula
at the close of v. 26 is a frequent affirmation of faith in the
Psalms.
It is a metaphor derived from the dependence of the tribe of
Levi
on religious dues, whereas the other tribes had land assigned to
them
as their portion or means of life. A spiritual metaphor, the for-
18.
In this respect the wisdom tradition is not far from the covenant tradition of
Lev
18:5 which promises life for those who obey the Torah. Such life means that
"Is-
rael
will have a secure, healthy life with sufficient goods in the promised land as
God's
people"
(J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [Dallas: Word, 1992] 293).
ALLEN: Psalm
73: Pilgrimage from Doubt to Faith 9
mula
expresses a sense of reliance on God as the giver of daily bless-
ings
without which life could not continue.
The
final pair of verses polarizes the contrasts that pervade the
psalm.
To distance oneself from God and God's moral purposes is to
break
covenant loyalty, which can only lead to a tragic end. On the
other
hand, partaking in the temple service of thanksgiving was for
the
psalmist an expression of trust and of close fellowship with God.
It
gave an opportunity to testify that the ancient works of God had
been
supplemented with a further work of deliverance. Earlier he
had
been embarrassed to "tell" his problem (hrfp@;sa)j, v. 15); how he is
glad
to "tell" (rp@'sal;) his praise.
In
terms of wisdom teaching, Psalm 73 represents a painful re-
treat
from the naiveté of instant retribution. It envisions a slower but
no
less sure view of divine providence as in Prov 24:16: "A righteous
person
falls seven times and rises again"; or in Ps 92:7 (8): "Though
the
wicked sprout like grass and all evildoers flourish, they are doomed
to
be destroyed." There is no trace of eschatology in such a view: God's
moral
sovereignty conquers misused human freedom on the battle-
field
of the everyday world.
Modern
readers are aware that at times this philosophy is
glaringly
difficult to justify. The Christian reader is tempted to fall
back
completely on an other-worldly, eschatological concept of a
Last
Judgment, in accord with a frequent New Testament emphasis
(e.g.,
2 Thess 1:5-10), which itself depends on the late Old Testament
perspective
of Dan 12:2-3. Nevertheless, a doctrine of divine provi-
dence
that holds human life on a moral and spiritual leash should not
quickly
be abandoned. Paul could celebrate not only the truth that
"Jesus
. . . delivers us from the wrath to come" (1 Thess 1:10), but also
deliverance
from existential danger in this world: "God . . . delivered
us
from such a prospect of death, and he will deliver us; we have set
our
hope on him that he will deliver us again" (2 Cor 1:10). Suffering
believers
are still called to wait and work with optimism for divine
resolution
of their suffering and for renewal of life—and, when they
come,
to celebrate them as the very acts of God.
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